Table of Contents

Preface.....v

Part I - Metabolic Effects, Metabolism, and Ecological Roles of Plant Toxins

1. Natural Toxicants and Their General Biological Effects.....3
   • Ecological Roles of Plant Toxins.....5
   • Historical Aspects of Natural Toxicants in Livestock Production In North America.....6
   • Toxicant Problems Around the World.....7
   • Classification of Natural Toxicants by Chemical Structure.....8
   • Classification of Natural Toxicants by Their Occurence in Feeds.....16
   • Classification of Natural Toxicants by Their Site of Action and/or Metabolic Effect.....18
   • Sources of Information on Toxicology and Poisonous Plants.....23
   • References.....23


2. Techniques and Calculations in Toxicology.....25
   • Isolation and Identification of Plant Toxins.....25
   • Bioassay of Toxicants.....26
   • Assessment of Tissue Damage.....27
   • Techniques for Studying Toxicant Metabolism.....29
   • Expression of Biological Responses to Toxicants.....33
   • Management of Toxicoses.....34
   • Plant Identification and Use of Botanical Names.....34
   • References.....35


3. Metabolism and Metabolic Effect of Toxicants.....37
   • Metabolic Fate of Toxicants.....37
   • References.....51


4. Ecological Roles of Plant Toxicants and Impacts on Livestock Production and Human Health.....55
   • Why Do Plants Contain Toxins?.....55
   • Animal Responses to Plant Toxins.....57
   • Ecological Roles of Plant Toxins.....62
   • Impacts of Toxicants in Feedstuffs.....65
   • Impacts of Poisonous Plants on Livestock Production.....68
   • Effects of Toxicants on Wild Animals.....73
   • Reducing Toxicants by Plant Breeding Programs.....74
   • Toxicant Residues in Animal Products.....76
   • Poisonous Plants Hazardous to Humans.....77
   • Ethnobotany.....78
   • References.....79

Part II - Toxicants in Animal Feeds

5. Mycotoxins in Cereal Grains and Protein Supplements.....87
   • Ergot Alkaloids.....88
   • Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins.....92
   • Fusarium Toxins.....113
   • Other Mycotoxins.....127
   • Mycotoxin Interactions.....127
   • References.....128


6. Toxins Intrinsic to Cereal Grains and Other Concentrate Feeds.....137
   • Phytates.....138
   • Non-starch Polysaccharides (NSP).....139
   • Phenolic Compounds in Grains.....141
   • Protease Inhibitors in Grains.....148
   • Toxins in Minor Grains.....148
   • Toxins in Roots and Tubers.....150
   • References.....157


7. Toxins in Protein Supplements and Grain Legumes.....163
   • Soybeans and Soybean Meal.....163
   • Cottonseed and Cottonseed Meal.....169
   • Rapeseed, Canola, and Other Brassicas.....175
   • Linseed Meal.....182
   • Grain Legumes.....183
   • References.....199


8. Toxins Produced by Feed Processing.....211
   • Browning Reactions.....212
   • Ammoniated Feed Toxicosis.....213
   • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.....214
   • Nitrosamines and Nitrosamides.....215
   • Raw Egg-Induced Biotin Deficiency.....216
   • Trans Fatty Acids.....216
   • Gizzerosine.....217
   • References.....218

Part III - Forage-Induced Toxicoses

9. Toxicoses Associated with Forages in General.....223
   • Pasture (Frothy) Bloat.....223
   • Pulmonary Emphysema.....227
   • Silica Urolithiasis (Urinary Calculi).....229
   • Nitrate-Nitrite Toxicity.....231
   • Polioencephalomalacia.....232
   • Hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany).....233
   • Laminitis.....234
   • Green Feed-Induced Diarrhea.....237
   • References.....237


10. Mycotoxins Associated with Forages.....243
    • Tall Fescue Toxicoses.....243
    • Perennial Ryegrass Staggers.....253
    • Other Endophyte-Related Syndromes.....255
    • Facial Eczema and Sporidesmin.....257
    • Fusarium Toxicosis.....259
    • Kikuyugrass Poisoning.....259
    • Annual Ryegrass Toxicosis.....260
    • Slaframine.....263
    • References.....264


11. Toxins Intrinsic to Forages.....275
    • Phalaris Poisoning.....275
    • Oxalates.....278
    • Cyanogens.....279
    • Saponins.....281
    • Alkoloids in Forage Lupins.....287
    • Toxic Amino Acids.....289
    • Alsike Clover Poisoning.....293
    • Vetch Toxicity.....294
    • Sweet Clover Poisoning.....294
    • Isoflavones and Coumestans (Phytoestrogens).....297
    • Forage-Induced Anemia.....302
    • Phenolic Compounds and Tannins in Forage and Browse Spp......306
    • References.....310

Part IV - Plants Poisonous to Livestock

12. Plants and Toxins Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver.....327
    • Oak Poisoning.....327
    • Solanum Poisoning.....328
    • Oxalates.....329
    • Sesquiterpene Lactones.....333
    • Selenoamino Acids.....335
    • Other Gastrointestinal Tract Irritants.....338
    • Pyrralizine Alkaloids.....338
    • Lantana Poisoning.....353
    • Blue-Green Algae.....354
    • Hepatic Fatty Cirrhosis.....355
    • Isoquinoline Alkaloids.....355
    • References.....356


13. Neurotoxins, Cardiac/Pulmonary Toxins, and Nephrotoxins.....365
    • Neurotoxins.....365
    • Cardiac, Pulmonary, and Renal Toxins.....390
    • References.....397


14. Reproductive Toxins
    • Phytoestrogens.....411
    • Inhibitors of Male Fertility.....411
    • Teratogens in Poisonous Plants.....412
    • Ponderosa Pine Needle Abortion.....415
    • Other Abortifacient-Containing Plants.....418
    • Agalactia-Inducing Factors in Plants.....418
    • References.....419


15. Carcinogens and Metabolic Inhibitors.....423
    • Carcinogens in Plants.....423
    • Metabolic Inhibitors in Plants.....431
    • References.....440


16. Irritants, Dermatitic Agents, and Miscellaneous Toxins.....445
    • Contact Dermatitis from Plants.....445
    • Plants Causing Mechanical Injury.....449
    • Blister Beetle Toxicosis.....450
    • Photosensitization.....451
    • Immunotoxins.....457
    • Myotoxins.....458
    • References.....459

      Index.....465

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